The illicit trade in diamonds has fueled a number of conflicts in West Africa, in particular in Sierra Leone. Accordingly, and in line with the UNSC resolution 1306, the United State President declared a national security in E.O. 13194, on January 18, 2001, and rolled out a new sanction program prohibiting the importation of rough diamond to the United States from Sierra Leone unless those with a certain certificate. It was further expanded by E.O. 13213 to include certain rough diamonds from Liberia as well. Later in 2003, and following the passage of Clean Diamond Trade Act, the United State President issued E.O. 13312 which prohibited, subject to certain waiver authorities, the importation into, and exportation from, the United States of any rough diamonds, from whatever source, not controlled through the Kimberley Process Certification Scheme for rough diamonds ("KPCS").